An Analysis of the Role of Sir Gore Ouseley at the End of the First Period of Russo-Persian Wars
j.
agazadeh
دانشیار گروه تاریخ دانشگاه محقق اردبیلی.
author
text
article
2018
per
Iran was put exposed on the politics and intervention of the European countries on the eve of the nineteenth century, when Iranian politicians were not enough primed to face such a situation because of the undeveloped state of the country along with their own ignorance. The first round of Russo-Persian Wars was one of the most important instances of the involvement of Europeans in Iran, which ended with the imposition of the Treaty of Gulistan with the mediation of the UK ambassador to Iran, Sir Gore Ouseley. This study tried to analyze the role of Sir Gore Ouseley in the events leading to the end of the first period of the Russo-Persian Wars especially the aforementioned treaty. The results indicate that Sir Gore Ouseley acted as a mediator in the negotiations between Iran and Russia since 1227 AH /1812. However, he had an important role in defeating Abbas Mirza's forces in Aslanduz, with his tendency toward Russia and his removal of British officers from the Iranian troops. Promising the reclaim of the Iranian lands by the Russian emperor, and using other promises and threats, he also forced other people to accept the unequal conditions of peace with Russia.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
1
28
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33009_3e13ad858238ce35bf0f86751e70ffe2.pdf
Keywords: Russo-Persian Wars, Sir Gore Ouseley, Fath Ali Shah, the Treaty of Gulistan
Behzad
Asghari
دانش آموخته دکتری دانشگاه خوارزمی و پژوهشگر پژوهشگاه علوم انسانی و مطالعات فرهنگی
author
text
article
2018
per
The military affairs and the political affairs as two main areas of government are always defined in interaction as well as in opposition to each other in the context of the concept of power. These two areas of power in medieval Iran have sometimes been seen in harmony and sometimes in conflict with each other in the structure of the government. In that era, these two domains have been depicted to require interaction in their way of the administration of the state, and on the other hand there has been a constant struggle between them for domination. Given the dominance of forces with a military nature in the government, it is often expected that the nature of the government and its mechanisms in this period be affected by the military and its effect be visible in the structure of the government, but the continuation of the previous traditions of the state that were based on the bureaucracy system in a large part of this era, challenges such imagination. Therefore, the present article sought to answer the question of how these two domains were related to the structure of government in this era and to find about their representation in the field of thought. Accordingly, the military and the political thought and their positions in the intellectual system and the structure of governance of this age were investigated, and then their relationship were examined through an explanatory-analytical method. According to studies, it seems that despite the military background of the middle-aged governments of Iran, considering the mechanisms of the governments of this age, this is the political that had a superior role in the interaction between the two areas of the military and the political and was the main determinant of the path of the government. Hence, in this period, the military was a function of the political, as this idea was even accepted by the military elites.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
29
48
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33005_81693a280927496fd742fce87802d142.pdf
Keywords: the military affair, the political affair, thought, medieval Iran
ali
hasanbagi
استادیار گروه الهیات دانشگاه اراک
author
abbas
mahdavifard
عضو هیات علمی گروه معارف اسلامی دانشگاه قم
author
text
article
2018
per
One of the most important events after the death of the Holy Prophet (PBUH) are the victories happened in wars during the rule of the early caliphs of Islam. Muslim scholars and thinkers have taken different approaches those victories. Some have likened them to Prophet's (PBUH) ghazvats, consider defending the foundation of Islam their main motive. On the other hand, some scholars have regarded those conquests as disasters. Therefore, the issue has raised a number of questions because of its importance. The present paper sought to answer this question: What was the position of Ahl al-Bait (AS) against the aforementioned conquests? To answer this question by examining the motives of the conquerors, as well as reviewing and evaluating the documents and evidence of the happiness of Ahlul-Bayt (as) because of the victories, such as the glad tidings made by Prophet (PBUH), consultation of the caliphs with Imam Ali (AS), some historians' belief in the participation of Hassan (AS) and Hussein (AS) in the conquests, the involvement of the companions of Imam Ali (AS) in the conquests and finally reviewing and evaluating the documents showing the disapproval of Ahlul-Bayt (AS) such as the narratives proving the illegitimacy of the conquests, and narratives that have expressed the legitimacy criterion of jihad (Imam's permission) from which it is possible to infer the illegitimacy of the conquests, we found that the approach by Ahlul-Bayt (AS) did not approve the conquests.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
49
68
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33006_1ed595a18ff5238692e1389205438ce3.pdf
The Effect of Jizyah on Zoroastrian Survival and Military Immunity
samaneh
khalilifar
phd student university of tehran
author
Mohammad
mahmoudpour
Assistant Professor of Geography at Encyclopedia of the world of Islam
author
text
article
2018
per
Jizyah is one of the pre-Islamic taxes authorized in the Islamic era in accordance with the goals and aspirations of the Islamic society. Non-Muslims living in the Islamic realm (ahl ul-ḏimmah) paid Jizyah to the Islamic ruler in order to benefit from military immunity and be free to have their own religion. The main question of the present research is that how has the payment of this kind of tax influenced the life of Iranian Zoroastrians? Apparently, Jizyah was enforced to make the ahl ul-ḏimmah accept Islam. An examination of the early historical texts, however, shows that the enforcement of the Jizyah not only did not lead Zoroastrians to Islam and did not cause any special difficulty in their lives, but also made them stay immune from military and security threats while presenting them the freedom to keep their religion. It was also shown that the gradual tendency of Zoroastrians to Islam was not a liberation from the tax pressure, but a means to obtain better social status and to be absorbed into the dominant Islamic society.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
69
86
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33012_8bfb5ac801cf728eddfd7c9e7675bb25.pdf
The Use of Artillery System in the Qajar Dynasty
Reza
Sehhat Manesh
استادیار گروه تاریخ دانشگاه جیرفت
author
text
article
2018
per
Cannons were strategic weapons and the most important tool for supporting cavalry and infantry forces coming into use from the middle of the Safavid dynasty to the end of the Qajar era. The use of cannons during the Qajar rule played an important role in the success or failure of the Qajar army. In the present study, with the use of and reference to the main library resources, travel literature and documents, and using a descriptive-analytical method, the artillery of the Qajar era was discussed. The main purpose of the study was to answer the question that how important was the artillery in the Qajar ruling system? By examining the resources, this hypothesis was suggested that Qajar agents sought to create a modern system of artillery and modern infantry similar to those of European armies, but there were major barriers to artillery formation, and such efforts failed in the socio-political culture of Iran. The research findings indicate that in the social structure of Iran, the heads and tribal cavalry enjoyed special importance and prevented the formation of infantry and artillery battery as rivals of the cavalry. Therefore, throughout the Qajar era and in the foreign wars, the cavalry, both in terms of number and structure of the system, was more important than artillery and infantry. Such a construction was one of the main reasons for the Qajar army's failure to confront Russia and English armies.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
87
114
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33010_01cd7f3cf1caad575a073393a157d515.pdf
An Analysis of the Impediments to Modern Army Formation in the First Half of the Qajar Dynasty
mohamadreza
alam
استاد گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز.
author
hamzeh
hoseini
دانشجوی دکتری گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز
author
text
article
2018
per
The modern army as one of the most essential institutions of the modern government was first formed in Europe, and played an important role in the domination and imperialism of European powers. The attacks by the colonizing states of Russia and England on Iran, and in particular Iran’s heavy defeats from Russia, made governors and elites of Qajar realize the traditional and insufficient structure of Qajar's army. Accordingly, the idea of military reformations and the formation of a modern army incited governors to try various actions and attempt at reformations in the first half of this dynasty, namely from its beginning to constitutionalism. However, these attempts were faced with many impediments and, finally, that significant goal was not achieved. The present study aimed to provide some response to the question of which obstacles impeded the formation of the modern army in this historical period? Our response to this question is multi-dimensional and comprises numerous agency-structure factors which were addressed using Anthony Giddens's structuration theory, based on which, both structures and agents contribute to the formation of phenomena and none of them outweighs the other. The findings of the study show that despite the attempts by reformist governors, the opposition of domestic agents and the obstruction on the part of foreign agents on the one hand, and the weakness and inefficiency of the military and economic structures on the other hand were the most pivotal impediments that failed the military reformations and establishment of a modern army in the first half of Qajar dynasty.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
115
142
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33008_13879fb4f682026b4a88f1a13c5d780d.pdf
Keywords: Qajar, modern army, military reformations, structure-agency impediments
Afsane
Goli
Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
author
Naser
Jadidi
Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
author
Feyzollah
Boshasb
Islamic Azad University, Najaf Abad, Iran
author
text
article
2018
per
The evolution in the structure and methods of warfare of the Achaemenid army during the Xerxes rule brought his distinct military performance in wars against Greek nation-states. This has stressed the importance of inquiring into the effective military benchmarks of the Achaemenid army. Against this backdrop, the present study, taking a descriptive-analytical approach, analyzed distinctive specifications of the army during the Xerxes rule. Multi-national army, becoming equipped with new military tools and means, and finally the fortification of the navy force to continue conquests were some of the most important characteristics of the army during the Xerxes rule that influenced the military performance of the Achaemniand. Nevertheless, the differences in the methods of warfare of the multinational army of the Xerxes was a downside leading to the inefficacity of the Achaemenid army in their fighting the Greeks.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
143
164
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33011_ef90eb5c6854bd7df11c28193fc40299.pdf
Challenges and Impediments to Paying Wages to Troops and Its Impact on the Security of the Kermanshah Province during the Qajar Dynasty
mohamadjawad
moradineya
National Library and Archives of i.r iran
author
motaleb
motalebi
کارشناس پژوهشکده اسنادسازمان اسناد و کتابخانه ملی
author
text
article
2018
per
Since the Safavid era, Kermanshahan was considered one of the border regions of Iran, and because it was on the border with the Ottomans, it was of great importance to the central government. As a result, the central government took measures in order to keep order in this region. The government's main players in making such attempts were the military associated with tribes and nomads. Meanwhile, the main factor in the discipline and efficiency of the military forces was the timely payment of wages. Because a large part of the Iranian army consisted of tribes and nomads, in politically stable conditions, delay in the wage payment did not present a challenge for the central and state governments, owing to the fact that the heads of the military corps were the chiefs of the tribes and clans, and the social structure of the nomads did not allow them to protest. However, in periods of unstable political conditions, the issue was totally different, and regular and timely payment of wages to the troops only made them complied. It is against this background that the present research defined the challenges to the payment of wages to the troops in Kermanshah and the resulting outcomes as a pivotal issue. The results show that there were no systematic and uniform principles and rules in paying wages and that there was a significant difference between the wages paid to the soldiers and the commanders. Nevertheless, since the commanders were the same as the tribal chiefs, suspended, delayed and partial payment of wages during the periods of stability did not allow the troops to protest. However, this presented itself in various forms in unstable political situations.
Historical Study of War
Iranian History Association in collaboration with Arak University
2588-7033
2
v.
2
no.
2018
165
180
https://hsow.journal.araku.ac.ir/article_33007_da88a1eaed00631301c2947073f09872.pdf