- ابن‌اثیر، علی‌بن‌محمد (۱۹۶۵). الکامل فی التاریخ، بیروت: دار صادر.
- ابن‌العدیم، عمر‌بن‌احمد العقیلی (۱۴۲۵). زبدة‌الحلب فی تاریخ حلب، تحقیق خلیل المنصور، بیروت: دارالکتب العلمیه.
- ابن‌قلانسی، حمزه‌بن‌اسد (۱۹۸۳). تاریخ دمشق لابن القلانسی، محقق سهیل زکار، دمشق: دار حسان للطباعه و النشر.
- زکار، سهیل (۲۰۰۷).تاریخ دمشق، دمشق: التکوین.
- Asbridge, T. (2004). The First Crusade: A New History, London: Simon & Schuster.
- Bartlett, R. (1994). The Making of Europe: Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change, 950–1350, London: Penguin Books.
- Bates, D. (1982). Normandy Before 1066, London: Longman.
- Bellows, H. A. (Trans.) (1936). The Poetic Edda, New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.
- Brown, G. (2003). The Norman Conquest of Southern Italy and Sicily, Jefferson: McFarland & Company.
- Brown, R. A. (1984). The Normans, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
- Davis, R. H. C. (1976). The Normans and Their Myth, London: Thames & Hudson.
- Davis-Secord, S. (2017). Where Three Worlds Met: Sicily in the Early Medieval Mediterranean, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Douglas, D. C. (1964). William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- Douglas, D. C. (1972). The Norman Achievement, 1050–1100, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- France, J. (1999). Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- France, J. (2006). «Dorylaion, Battle of (1097)», in The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, A. V. Murray (Ed.), Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
- Garraghan, G. J. (1946). A Guide to Historical Method, New York: Fordham University Press.
- Haskins, C. H. (1915). The Normans in European History, Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
- Hillenbrand, C. (2017). The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives, London: Routledge.
- Hooper, N., & Bennett, M. (1996). The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: The Middle Ages, 768–1487, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Howell, M., & Prevenier, W. (2001). From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
- Komnene, A. (2009). The Alexiad, E. R. A. Sewter (Trans.), London: Penguin Classics.
- Larrington, C. (Trans.) (2014). The Poetic Edda, 2nd ed., Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Loud, G. A. (2000). The Age of Robert Guiscard: Southern Italy and the Norman Conquest, London: Routledge.
- Marshall, C. (1992). Warfare in the Latin East, 1192–1291, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Matthew, D. (1992). The Norman Kingdom of Sicily, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Mulinder, A. (2006). «Ascalon, Battle of (1099)», in The Crusades: An Encyclopedia, A. V. Murray (Ed.), Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.
- Nicolle, D. (1987). The Normans, Oxford: Osprey Publishing.
- Nicolle, D. (2007). Crusader Warfare: Muslims, Mongols and the Struggle Against the Crusades, London: Hambledon Continuum.
- Norwich, J. J. (1967). The Normans in the South, 1016–1130, London: Longman.
- Orderic Vitalis (1854). The Ecclesiastical History of England and Normandy, T. Forester (Trans.), Vol. 2, London: Henry G. Bohn.
- Price, N. (2020). The Children of Ash and Elm: A History of the Vikings, New York: Basic Books.
- Pryor, J. H. (1988). Geography, Technology, and War: Studies in the Maritime History of the Mediterranean, 649–1571, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Riley-Smith, J. (2005). The Crusades: A History, 2nd ed., New Haven: Yale University Press.
- Riley-Smith, J. (2008). The Crusades, Christianity, and Islam, New York: Columbia University Press.
- Shepard, J. (2008). «The Viking Rus and Byzantium», in The Viking World, S. Brink & N. Price (Eds.), London: Routledge.
- Smail, R. C. (1995). Crusading Warfare, 1097–1193, 2nd ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Stanton, C. D. (2011). Norman Naval Operations in the Mediterranean, Woodbridge: Boydell & Brewer.
- Takayama, H. (1993). The Administration of the Norman Kingdom of Sicily, Leiden: Brill.
- Theotokis, G. (2014). The Norman Campaigns in the Balkans, 1081–1108, Woodbridge: The Boydell Press.
- Tosh, J. (2022). The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of History, 8th ed., London: Routledge.
- Tyerman, C. (2006). God’s War: A New History of the Crusades, Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
- Williams, A. R. (2012). The Sword and the Crucible: A History of the Metallurgy of European Swords up to the 16th Century, Leiden: Brill.
- Joranson, E. (1948). «The Inception of the Career of the Normans in Italy: Legend and History», Speculum, 23, No. 3.
- Kovalev, R. K., & Kaelin, A. C. (2007). «Circulation of Arab Silver in Medieval Afro-Eurasia: Preliminary Observations», History Compass, 5, No. 2.
